Fiber are the basis for all textile which are made in 3 stages
-spinning
-weaving or knitting
-finishing
Textile fabric can be natural or synthetic
Natural fibers come from plants, animals and minerals, normally they have short fibers called staple fibers except for silk which filaments can be up to one kilometer in length. Cotton, Linen, Wool and Silk are the source for natural fibers.
Cotton and Linen comes from plants, Wool and Silk from animals.
Synthetic fabrics have continuous filament fibers, which means are long and do not always have to be spun into a yarn. Viscose (which comes from pine trees or petrochemicals), Acrylic, nylon and polyester are the source for synthetic fibers.
Polyester and Nilon Microfibres can be blended with synthetic or natural fabric and are used for outdoor clothing and sportswear
Thermoplastic polyester and Nylon Microfibres can be heat-treated to make their texture warm and stretchy. They are used for underwear, sportswear and knitwear
Blending fibers improves the appearance e performance of the fabric, but also the comfort combining the properties of each fibers, it also reduce the cost of yarns and fabric. Polyester and cotton makes shirts more crease-resistant. Cotton and lycra makes jeans more confortable and stretchy. Acrylic and Wool makes trousers less expensive than 100 percent wool trousers.
Elastane is always blended with other fibers, it is durable, crease-resistant, stretchy and has low warmth.
Tencel is a natural microfiber (made from cellulose derived from wood-pulp), it is soft, breathable, durable, crease-resistant and biodegradable and has low warmth.
Mercerization is a treatment that strengthens cellulose material like cotton treads and gives them a lustrous appearance, it results in the swelling of the cell wall of the cotton fibers which causes the surface area to increase and gives the fibers a softer feel.
Calendering is a process that modifies a fabric surface by passing it trough heated rollers, some are embossed and impart patterns on the fabric. It increase sheen and luster, reduce thickens and air permeability.
Emerising is a used to give the fabric a suede-like finish. The fabric is passed over a rotating emery-covered roller (or multiple rollers).
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